Academic in use
chap 1
note down ==> write something down to remember it
Note down the main points you want to include in your essay.
an experiment
- to carry out ~
- conduct ~
- ~ proves something
education
- higher ~
- good/bad ~
- full-time ~
- formal ~
discipline
area of study
underline ==> give emphasis to
The research underlines the value of case studies.
solid ==> certain or safe.
solid evidence
academic style
| neutral | formal |
|---|---|
| in short, briefly, basically | in sum, to sum up, fundamentally |
| only | sole(ly) |
| almost, more or less | virtually |
| try | attempt |
| mainly, mostly | primarily |
| typical of | characteristic of |
Academic language often use complex noun phrases.
Radiation was accidentally released over a 24-hour period, damaging a wide area for a long time.The accidental release of radiation over a 24 hour-period caused widespread long-term damage.
confirm a hypothesis
the data confirm the hypothesis that ~~~
rewrite using more formal words.
- The book is primarily(
mainly) concerned with ~. - Virtually(
Almost) every school in ~. - The work is not solely(
only) devoted to cancer reasearch. - To sum up(
Basically), we believe that ~. - Several teams have attempted(
had a shot at solving) to solve the problem, without succes.. - The reaction is characteristic of (
typical of) the way ~.
pairs
- depend heavily
- produced cheaply
- relatively easily
- firm conclusions
chap 2
key nouns
beyond the scope of ~. on the issue of ~ essay topics
- Environmental issues should be at the top of the agenda.
- There are still people who are reluctant to accept his theory of evolution.
- ~ as the theme of his lecture.
- The principle states that ~.
chap3
to effect means to make something happen.
The invention of the web effected a transformation in global communications.
| key verb | verb + noun for of key verb | example |
|---|---|---|
| explain | give/provide/offer an explanation | The model provides an explanation for the differences |
| explore | undertake/carry out an exploration (of) | He undertake an exploration of music history. |
| emphasise | place/put emphasis (on) | The hospital puts a lot of emphasis on training. |
| describe | give/provide a description (of) | The book gives a description o modern US. |
| affect | have an effect on | climate change has an effect on sea levels. |
| prove | offer/provide proof (that) | This reason offers proof that bees are on the decline. |
chap4
- relevant to
How can we make science relevant to policy.
- common to
Dark hair is common to all people from this region.
- typical of
It is typical of the disease to start with itchy rash.
- appropriate to
We need to plan technologies which are appropriate to the needs of small farmers.
rewrite as nouns
- The professor praised Emma for (
her rigorous work) the rigor of her work. - The slight discrepancy in the two sets of figures (
is not significant) has no significance. - (
The complex language used by the poet) The complexity of the poet’s language makes his work difficult to interpret. - (
You must be precise) Precision is essential when taking measurements. - The later part of the book (
will be more relevant) will have more relevance for next year’s course. - The tutor was pleased with (
how simple and appropriate our research proposal was) the simplicity and appropriacy of our research proposal.